What is the process of modifying the DNA of living organisms in a laboratory called?

The process of modifying the DNA of living organisms in a laboratory is known as genetic engineering. This technique involves altering the genetic material of an organism to achieve desired traits or outcomes, such as increased resistance to disease, enhanced nutritional content, or the ability to produce specific proteins. Genetic engineering can be applied to various organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, allowing scientists to introduce new genes or edit existing ones with precision.

This field employs various methods, such as CRISPR-Cas9 and recombinant DNA technology, which allow for targeted modifications at the molecular level. The ultimate goal of genetic engineering is to create organisms with beneficial characteristics, which can lead to advancements in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.

Other options refer to related but distinct concepts. Gene therapy specifically pertains to the treatment of diseases by modifying the genes within an individual's cells, often to correct genetic disorders. Biotechnology encompasses a broader range of applications that involve the use of living organisms or biological systems to develop products or processes. Cloning refers to creating an identical copy of an organism, which does not necessarily involve the modification of its DNA but rather the reproduction of its genetic material.